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1.
Acta bioeth ; 29(2)oct. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1519851

ABSTRACT

Chile es un país culturalmente diverso cuya población debe enfrentar dificultades relacionadas con la salud. Este ensayo tiene por objetivo reflexionar en torno a las competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural, en la formación inicial de profesionales en ciencias de la salud. Se constata una salud carente y descontextualizada de la realidad cultural en la formación inicial en ciencias de la salud. Para evolucionar en esta área, se requiere imperiosamente formar a los profesionales en competencias interculturales desde un enfoque ético intercultural. Ello contribuirá al reconocimiento y comprensión de la otredad desde su propia cultura, a partir de la relación e intercambio de experiencias, conocimientos, saberes, entre otros. Para ello se requiere del diálogo intercultural entre profesionales y expertos pertenecientes a distintos sistemas de salud, con el fin de coconstruir desde la salud y enfermedad, para responder de forma oportuna y adecuada a las demandas de salud, y brindar un cuidado en salud digno y de calidad. En efecto, mitigará las desigualdades e injusticias, a la vez que proporcionará una vida más plena a las personas que conviven en una sociedad culturalmente diversa.


Chile is a culturally diverse country, and this population must face difficulties related to health. This essay aims to reflect on intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach, in the initial training of professionals in health sciences. The initial training in health sciences shows that health is lacking and decontextualized from the cultural reality. In order to evolve in this area, it is imperative to train professionals in intercultural competencies from an intercultural ethical approach. This will contribute to the recognition and understanding of otherness from their own culture, based on the relationship and exchange of experiences, knowledge, wisdom, among others. This requires intercultural dialogue between professionals and experts belonging to different health systems, in order to co-construct from health and disease. This will allow a timely and adequate response to health demands. It will also provide quality and dignified health care and attention. In effect, it will mitigate inequalities and injustices, while providing a fuller life to people living in a culturally diverse society.


O Chile é um país culturalmente diverso, essa população deve enfrentar dificuldades relacionadas à saúde. Este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre as competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural, na formação inicial de profissionais em ciências da saúde. A saúde carente e descontextualizada da realidade cultural é verificada na formação inicial em ciências da saúde. Para evoluir nesta área, é imperativo formar profissionais em competências interculturais a partir de uma abordagem ética intercultural. Isso contribuirá para o reconhecimento e compreensão da alteridade a partir da própria cultura, do relacionamento e troca de experiências, saberes, saberes, entre outros. Para isso, é necessário o diálogo intercultural entre profissionais e especialistas pertencentes a diferentes sistemas de saúde; a fim de co-construir a partir da saúde e da doença. Isso permitirá uma resposta oportuna e adequada às demandas de saúde. Da mesma forma, prestará cuidados e atenção à saúde dignos e de qualidade. Com efeito, atenuará as desigualdades e as injustiças, ao mesmo tempo que proporcionará uma vida mais plena às pessoas que vivem numa sociedade culturalmente diversa.

2.
Acta bioeth ; 28(1): 19-24, jun. 2022.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1383276

ABSTRACT

Resumen: La contaminación ambiental es un gran problema que afecta la Tierra. El territorio mapuche no es la excepción, dado que el modelo extractivista transgrede los espacios sagrados, explota los recursos naturales y contamina, afectando los modos de vida y de salud del mapuche. El objetivo del artículo es reflexionar acerca de los fundamentos éticos de la relación mapuche y naturaleza como aportes para la salud intercultural. Se aprecia que los fundamentos "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" y "ixofil mogen" influyen fuertemente en el comportamiento del mapuche frente a la naturaleza. El respeto, amor, cuidado, empatía y reciprocidad del mapuche hacia la naturaleza, a sí mismo y a las demás personas, le permite estar en armonía y equilibro desde lo físico y espiritual. Es relevante considerar estos fundamentos éticos para mejorar el servicio de salud desde una perspectiva intercultural, considerando para ello la complementariedad, sobre la base del diálogo, con la finalidad de bridar una salud humanizadora, diversa y, por tanto, de calidad, para transitar hacia un bienestar más pleno de sujetos pertenecientes a culturas distintas.


Abstract: Environmental pollution is a big problem that affects the earth. The Mapuche territory is no exception, given that the extractivist model violates sacred spaces, exploits natural resources, and pollutes, affecting the Mapuche's ways of life and health. The objective was proposed: reflect on the relevance of the ethical foundations that sustain the Mapuche and nature relationship as contributions to intercultural health. It is appreciated that the ethical foundations: "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" and "ixofil mogen", have a fundamental role in ethical behavior regarding the relationship between the Mapuche and nature, where respect, love, care, empathy and reciprocity of the Mapuche towards nature, himself and with other people, allows him to be in harmony and balance from the physical and spiritual. In this sense, it is relevant to consider these ethical foundations to improve the health service, from an intercultural perspective, considering complementarity based on dialogue, in order to provide a humanizing, diverse and, therefore, quality health to move towards a good to be more full of subjects belonging to different cultures.


Resumo: A contaminação ambiental é um grande problema que afeta a Terra. O território mapuche não é uma exceção, dado que o modelo extrativista transgride os espaços sagrados, explora os recursos naturais e contamina, afetando os modos de vida e de saúde do mapuche. O objetivo do artigo é refletir acerca dos fundamentos éticos da relação mapuche e natureza como contribuições para uma saúde intercultural. Se considera que os fundamentos "Az-mapu", "küme mogen" e "ixofil mogen" influem fortemente o comportamento do mapuche frente à natureza. O respeito, amor, cuidado, empatia e reciprocidade do mapuche para com a natureza, para consigo mesmo e para com as demais pessoas, lhe permite estar em harmonia e equilíbrio desde o físico ao espiritual. É relevante considerar estes fundamentos éticos para melhorar o serviço de saúde desde uma perspectiva intercultural, considerando para isso a complementariedade, tendo como base o diálogo, com a finalidade de fornecer uma saúde humanizadora, diversa e, portanto, de qualidade, para transitar a um bem estar mais pleno de sujeitos pertencentes a culturas distintas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environment , Health of Indigenous Peoples , Culturally Competent Care/ethics , Indigenous Peoples , Chile
3.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 97(4): 433-439, July-Aug. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1287047

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective We sought to describe the prevalence of microcephaly and to compare the different cutoff points established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health at various times during a Zika virus epidemic. As a secondary aim, we investigated the possible etiology of the microcephaly. Method This retrospective study utilized newborn participants in the Zika Cohort Study Jundiaí. Newborns from the Zika Cohort Study Jundiaí with an accurate gestational age determination and complete anthropometric data were analyzed, and microcephaly was diagnosed according to the INTERGROWTH-21st curve. At delivery, fluids were tested for specific antibodies and for viruses. Brain images were evaluated for microcephaly. Receiver Operating Characteristic curves were plotted to define the accuracy of different cutoff points for microcephaly diagnosis. Results Of 462 eligible newborns, 19 (4.1%) were positive for microcephaly. Cutoff points corresponding to the curves of the World Health Organization yielded the best sensitivity and specificity. Three of the microcephaly cases (15.8%) were positive for Zika virus infections; nine (47.4%) had intrauterine growth restriction; one had intrauterine growth restriction and was exposed to Zika virus; three had a genetic syndrome (15.8%); and three had causes that had not been determined (15.8%). Conclusions Microcephaly prevalence was 4.1% in this study. Cutoff values determined by the World Health Organization had the highest sensitivity and specificity in relation to the standard IG curve. The main reason for microcephaly was intrauterine growth restriction. All possible causes of microcephaly must be investigated to allow the best development of an affected baby.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Zika Virus , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Microcephaly/epidemiology
4.
Medwave ; 20(11): e8072, dic. 2020.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1146067

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN La cirugía ortognática, al ser un procedimiento quirúrgico invasivo, puede presentar importantes morbilidades postoperatorias para el paciente. Dentro de las complicaciones descritas con mayor frecuencia, está la infección del sitio quirúrgico. En vista de esto, la administración de antibióticos profilácticos previo a este tipo de procedimientos se presenta como una práctica frecuente. Sin embargo, el costo-beneficio del uso de antibióticos, el tipo de antibiótico, la vía de administración, la posología, y el esquema a utilizar no han sido claramente definidos y se presentan como una temática controversial. En este resumen de evidencia, se comparará la utilidad del esquema profiláctico de largo plazo contra el de corto plazo. MÉTODOS Realizamos una búsqueda en Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante el cribado de múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, analizamos los datos de los estudios primarios, realizamos un metanálisis y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos cinco revisiones sistemáticas que en conjunto incluyeron nueve estudios primarios, de los cuales, todos corresponden a ensayos aleatorizados. Concluimos que dar un esquema profiláctico antibiótico de largo plazo probablemente disminuye el riesgo de infección del sitio quirúrgico y podría aumentar el riesgo de estadía hospitalaria mayor a dos días, pero en este último punto, la certeza de la evidencia es baja.


INTRODUCTION Orthognathic surgery, being an invasive surgical procedure, may present significant postoperative morbidities for the patient. Among the most frequently described complications is surgical site infection. The administration of prophylactic antibiotics prior to this type of procedure is a common practice, however, the cost-benefit of the use of antibiotics, the type of antibiotics, the route of administration, the dosage, and the regimen to be used have not been clearly defined and are still considered a controversial issue. In this summary of evidence, we will compare long-term antibiotic prophylaxis with short-term prophylaxis. METHODS We searched in Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies, conducted a meta-analysis and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified five systematic reviews including nine studies overall, of which all nine were randomized trials. We conclude that administering a long-term prophylactic antibiotic regimen probably decreases the risk of surgical site infection and that it may increase the risk of hospital stay longer than two days, nevertheless, regarding this last point, the certainty of the evidence is low.


Subject(s)
Humans , Surgical Wound Infection/prevention & control , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures/methods , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Treatment Outcome , Systematic Reviews as Topic , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
5.
Rev. clín. periodoncia implantol. rehabil. oral (Impr.) ; 11(2): 121-127, ago. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959759

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Introducción: el objetivo de esta revisión fue determinar el riesgo de hemorragia postoperatoria en pacientes con tratamiento anticoagulante oral (TACO) sometidos a cirugía oral que no suspenden su tratamiento comparado con quienes lo modifican o suspenden. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en CENTRAL, Medline y EMBASE, junto con una revisión manual de revistas especializadas y resúmenes de la IADR. Dos revisores realizaron la selección de estudios, evaluación de riesgo de sesgo y extracción de datos de forma independiente. Se seleccionaron los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que miden la aparición de hemorragias en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos orales con TACO en comparación con un grupo que interrumpió o modificó su terapia. Resultados: Solo 5 estudios cumplieron los criterios de inclusión (549 pacientes). El metanálisis mostró que el mantenimiento de la TACO no aumenta el riesgo de hemorragia postoperatoria (riesgo relativo: 1,41 [0,93 - 2,16], IC del 95% p = 0,11) en comparación con la interrupción del tratamiento. Conclusión: Aunque se encontró una mayor cantidad de hemorragia postoperatoria en pacientes con TACO comparado con quienes lo interrumpieron o modificaron, esta diferencia no fue estadística ni clínicamente significativa. Por lo tanto, TACO no debe suspenderse en pacientes sometidos a cirugía oral.


ABSTRACT: Introduction: This systematic review aims to determine the postoperative bleeding risk in patients on oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) undergoing oral surgical procedures when continuing with the treatment, compared with those modifying or discontinuing the treatment. Materials and methods: A search was performed using CENTRAL, Medline and EMBASE, in conjunction with a manual review of indexes of specialized journals and abstracts of the IADR. Study selection, assessments of risk of bias and data extraction were performed independently by 2 reviewers. Randomized clinical trials measuring the occurrence of bleeding in patients on OAT undergoing oral surgical procedures compared with a group discontinuing or modifying their therapy were selected. Results: A total of 5 studies were included based on inclusion criteria (549 patients). The meta-analysis showed that the maintenance of OAT does not increases the risk of postoperative bleeding (relative risk [RR] 1.41 [0.93 - 2.16]; 95% CI p= 0,11) compared with the discontinuation of therapy. Conclusion: Although a larger quantity of oral postoperative bleeding episodes were found in patients continuing with OAT compared with patients discontinuing or modifying their therapy, this difference was neither statistically nor clinically significant. Therefore, OAT should not be discontinued in patients undergoing oral surgery.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Patients , Surgery, Oral , Postoperative Hemorrhage , Oral Surgical Procedures , Anti-Bacterial Agents , Anticoagulants
6.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 89(4): 454-461, ago. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959546

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se describe el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de enseñanza media del territorio costero de la región de La Araucanía, relacionado con etnicidad, género y residencia. SUJETOS Y MÉTODOS: Diseño de corte transversal, con 2.763 estudiantes entre 14-18 años a quienes se les aplicó el test AUDIT. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante a) un formulario con antecedentes sociodemográficos y origen étnico, preguntas sobre autoreporte de consumo de alcohol en el último mes y edad de primer consumo de alcohol, y percepción sobre acceso de alcohol entre los jóvenes; y b) el test AUDIT para evaluar los diversos niveles de consumo de alcohol en los estudiantes. La condición étnica se trianguló con autoadscripción, apellidos, y pertenencia a comunidad Mapuche. Los datos se recolectaron en las salas y horario de clases de los estudiantes con autorización del director, profesor del curso y supervisada por el equipo investigador. El AUDIT es un test autoadministrado que consta de 10 preguntas de formato estructurado en una escala de 0-4, con rango desde 0 a 40 puntos, los cuales representan cuatro categorías de consumo. Se realizó análisis descriptivo e inferencial con t-Student para comparación de promedios, Chi-cuadrado para tablas de asociación, intervalos de confianza 95% para estimación, y 5% para significación estadística. RESULTADOS: 48,1% fueron Mapuche, edad promedio 15,7 años (DS = 1,2), 49,1% mujeres y 50,9% residentes rurales. El consumo de alcohol en el último mes fue 38,2% (39,6% hombres 36,7% mujeres (p < 0,001)); 85% reportó beber antes de los 15 años y 87% indicó fácil acceso al alcohol. La aplicación del AUDIT mostró un consumo en los niveles de riesgo, perjudicial o con síntomas de dependencia (en adelante riesgo-AUDIT) de 13,9% [IC 95%: 12,6-15,2]. Mayor en hombres 20,3% [IC 95%: 18,1-22,4] que en mujeres 7,7% [IC 95%: 6,4-9,1]. Estudiantes Mapuche mostraron menor consumo de riesgo-AUDIT: 12,5% [IC 95%: 10,7-14,3] que los no Mapuche 15,2% [IC 95%: 13,3-17,1]. El 17,4% [IC 95%: 15,2-19,5] de los urbanos presentaron consumo de riesgo-AUDIT en comparación a los rurales, 11,2% [IC 95%: 9,6-12,8]. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de alcohol fue mayor al observado a nivel nacional, y a medida que aumenta la edad aumenta el nivel de riesgo especialmente en hombres. El consumo de riesgo de alcohol se asoció a etnia, lugar de residencia y género. El ser no Mapuche, residente urbano y hombre son factores asociados al consumo de riesgo de alcohol entre los estudiantes.


INTRODUCTION: This study describes the alcohol consumption in association with residence, gender and ethnicity among high school students from the coastal area of the Araucania Region in Chile. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study on a population of 2,763 high school students aged bet ween 14 to 18 years. Statistical analysis: exploratory-descriptive analysis was used for all variables and inferential statistical analysis for associations among variables using 95% confidence interval for the estimates and 5% statistical significance for the statistical test. Data collection: alcohol consumption reported by AUDIT test and sociodemographic records. RESULTS: 48.1% of students were Mapuche, mean age of 15.7 years (SD = 1.2), mostly from rural areas (50.9%). Alcohol consumption in the last month was 38.2%; 39.6% male 36.7% female (p < 0.001). 37.5% drank at least once in their life and 85% did so before age 15. 87% reported easy access to alcohol. According to AUDIT test, the levels of risk, harm and symptoms of dependence are 13.9% [95% CI: 12.6-15.2], 20.3% higher in men [95% CI: 18.2-22.5] than women 7.7% [6.4-9.3]. Mapuche students present risk consumption lower than non-Mapuche ones, 12.5% and 15.2% respectively. Urban-rural residence and risk consumption is 12.6% and 8.2% respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The alcohol consumption was higher than that observed at the national level, and as age increases, the level of risk increases, especially in men. Alcohol risk consumption was associated with ethnicity, place of residence and gender. The fact of being non-Mapuche, urban resident and man are factors associated with the risk of alcohol con sumption among students.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology , Adolescent Behavior , Adolescent Health/statistics & numerical data , Ethnicity , Indians, South American , Chile/epidemiology , Residence Characteristics , Sex Factors , Rural Health/statistics & numerical data , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors
7.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 94(3): 251-257, May-June 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-954616

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective To determine if the efficacy of passive hypothermia and adverse events during transport are related to the severity of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Methods This was a retrospective study of 67 infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, born between April 2009 and December 2013, who were transferred for therapeutic hypothermia and cooled during transport. Results Fifty-six newborns (84%) were transferred without external sources of heat and 11 (16%) needed an external heat source. The mean temperature at departure was 34.4 ± 1.4 °C and mean transfer time was 3.3 ± 2.0 h. Mean age at arrival was 5.6 ± 2.5 h. Temperature at arrival was between 33 and 35 °C in 41 (61%) infants, between 35 °C and 36.5 °C in 15 (22%) and <33 °C in 11 (16%). Infants with severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy had greater risk of having an admission temperature < 33 °C (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: 1.1-19.3). The severity of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and the umbilical artery pH were independent risk factors for a low temperature on admission (p < 0.05). Adverse events during transfer, mainly hypotension and bleeding from the endotracheal tube, occurred in 14 infants (21%), with no differences between infants with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion The risk of overcooling during transport is greater in newborns with severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and those with more severe acidosis at birth. The most common adverse events during transport are related to physiological deterioration and bleeding from the endotracheal tube. This observation provides useful information to identify those asphyxiated infants who require closer clinical surveillance during transport.


Resumo Objetivo Determinar se a eficácia da hipotermia passiva e eventos adversos durante o transporte estão relacionados à gravidade da encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica neonatal. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de 67 neonatos com encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (nascidos entre abril de 2009 e dezembro de 2013) transferidos para hipotermia terapêutica e resfriados durante o transporte. Resultados Foram transportados 56 recém-nascidos (84%) sem fontes externas de calor e 11 (16%) precisaram de uma fonte externa de calor. A temperatura média na saída foi de 34,4 ± 1,4 °C e o tempo médio de transporte foi de 3,3 ± 2,0 horas. A idade média na chegada foi de 5,6 ± 2,5 horas. A temperatura na chegada ficou entre 33-35 °C em 41 (61%) neonatos, entre 35°-36,5 °C em 15 (22%) e < 33 °C em 11 (16%). Neonatos com encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica grave apresentaram maior risco de temperatura < 33 °C na internação (RC 4,5; IC de 95% 1,1-19,3). A gravidade da encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica e o pH da artéria umbilical foram fatores de risco independentes para uma baixa temperatura na internação (p < 0,05). Eventos adversos durante o transporte, principalmente hipotensão e sangramento do tubo endotraqueal, ocorreram em 14 neonatos (21%), sem diferenças entre neonatos com encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica moderada ou grave. Conclusão O risco de super-resfriamento durante o transporte é maior em recém-nascidos com encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica grave e naqueles com acidose mais grave no nascimento. Os eventos adversos mais comuns durante o transporte estão relacionados a deterioração fisiológica e sangramento do tubo endotraqueal. Essa observação fornece informações úteis para identificar neonatos asfixiados que exigem maior vigilância clínica durante o transporte.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Asphyxia Neonatorum/therapy , Transportation of Patients/statistics & numerical data , Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/therapy , Pediatric Emergency Medicine/statistics & numerical data , Hypothermia, Induced/adverse effects , Severity of Illness Index , Retrospective Studies
8.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 35(3): 276-282, 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-959442

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: La asociación entre etnicidad e infección por VIH/SIDA constituye un tema emergente y poco explorado en Chile. Objetivo: Describir el perfil de pacientes con infección por VIH/SIDA según etnia Mapuche y no Mapuche asociados a condiciones clínicas, factores socio-económicos y oportunidad terapéutica en pacientes de dos centros de atención de las regiones Araucanía y Metropolitana, Chile. Material y Método: Estudio de corte transversal con 558 pacientes cuyos datos se recolectaron mediante un formulario que contenía las variables del estudio, obtenidos tras consentimiento informado. Se realizó análisis descriptivo, asociaciones crudas y estratificadas por cada variable. Resultados: Los pacientes Mapuche fueron en su mayoría de sexo masculino, 53,1% heterosexuales, edad promedio 36,7 años, y nivel educacional e ingresos más bajos que los no Mapuche. La mediana de LT CD4 basal fue más baja en pacientes Mapuche, 51 céls/mm3 o menos y bajo el percentil 25 (IC 38-123). Se observó que existe mayor consumo de drogas, comercio sexual, sexo entre hombres y mayor número de parejas sexuales en último mes, en personas de la etnia no Mapuche y que, además, tienen mejores niveles de ingreso y educación. Conclusión: Existen perfiles diferenciados según etnia respecto de la condición sociocultural y de ingreso de los pacientes a control, generando inequidad en un tratamiento oportuno hacia los pacientes Mapuche, de baja escolaridad y menor educación.


Background: The association between ethnicity and HIV/AIDS is an emerging and unexplored issue in Chile. Aim: To determine the profile of patients with HIV/AIDS by ethnicity and socioeconomic factors associated with diagnostic-therapeutic opportunity in the Araucania and Metropolitan regions. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 558 patients from two centers of HIV/AIDS in Chile. Data were collected using a questionnaire with clinical and sociocultural data obtained under informed consent. Descriptive analysis raw and stratified associations for each variable was performed. Results: Mapuche patients were mostly male, heterosexual (53.1%), lower average age (36.7 years), educational and income level lower than no Mapuche patients. The median of CD4(+) lymphocytes from Mapuche patients was the lowest in the sample, less than 51 cells/mm3, under 25 percentile (CI 38-123). Lifestyle variables indicated that drug use, number of sexual partners, and relationships between men were associated with higher levels of income, education and no Mapuche ethnicity. Conclusion: There are differences between Mapuche and non Mapuche patients regarding their sociocultural and clinical status, which generates health inequalities.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , HIV Infections/ethnology , Socioeconomic Factors , Indians, South American , Chile , Cross-Sectional Studies
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 141(4): 464-470, abr. 2013. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-680469

ABSTRACT

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) has adverse effects on psychomotor development of the offspring. Aim: To evaluate the relationship between PPD and psychomotor development in children aged 18 months, consulting in primary care. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 360 infants and their mothers. Children had their psychomotor evaluation atl8 months and mothers completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 4 and 12 weeks postpartum. The prevalence of both PPD and psychomotor alteration was estimated. The association between PPD and psychomotor alteration, including confounding variables, was estimated through logistic multiple regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of PPD and psychomotor alteration was 29 and 16%, respectively Mothers with PPD had twice the probability of havingan offspring with psychomotor alteration (Odds ratio = 2.0, confidence intervals = 1.07-3.68). This probability was significantly higher among single mothers or those with an unstable partner. Conclusions: PPD has a detrimental impact on psychomotor development of children.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Depression, Postpartum/psychology , Psychomotor Disorders/etiology , Birth Weight , Chile/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression, Postpartum/epidemiology , Prevalence , Primary Health Care , Psychomotor Disorders/epidemiology , Risk Factors
10.
J. epilepsy clin. neurophysiol ; 8(4): 199-204, Dez. 2002. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-431938

ABSTRACT

Não existe cinsenso na definição de epilepsia catastrófica. Neste artigo, designamos como tal as epilepsias resistentes a todas terapêuticas disponíveis e que alteram severamente a organização e a economia familiar. Foram analisadas 10 crianças com epilepsias resistentes (4 ou mais crises/mes) a tratamento clínico ou cirúrgico (conceito biológico), onde foi calculado o custo direto (conceito econômico). Foi utilizado o dicionário da Real Academia Espanhola que designa como catástrofe, evento indesejável que altera a ordem regular dos fatos. Mediante a prova de Hoare y Alvarez foi construído um conceito psicolingúístico, onde foi assimilado um custo intangível. As crianças tinham em média 5.4 anos de epilepsia refratária e toda terapia disponível e foram observados em média por 5 anos. A maioria dos pacientes tinha epilepsia parcial sistomática resistente, dois foram operados sem êxito e o custo direto para o grupo de US$ 4032. Todas as crianças pertenciam a classe socioeconômica desfavorável. Na maioria, o pai tinha baixa escolaridade e a metade deles eram desempregados. A doença gerou um severo impacto na qualidade de vida da criança e da família. A característica comum de todas as crianças é que possuíam epilepsias resistentes a todo tratamento disponível, de alto custo direto e que alterava severamente a estrutura familiar


Subject(s)
Cost of Illness , Costs and Cost Analysis , Epilepsy
11.
Cienc. enferm ; 7(2): 67-75, dic. 2001. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-340133

ABSTRACT

Este es un estudio cualitativo realizado con 92 pacientes mapuches del Hospital Regional de Temuco durante el año 1997. Su propósito fue explorar la opinión de los pacientes mapuches acerca del tema de los transplantes y donación de orgános. Los resultados develaron que la mayoría de los pacientes mapuches estuvieron en desacuerdo con la donación de órganos y transplantes. Los pacientes fundamentaron su opinión en las reglas y normas propias de la cultura mapuche que les impediría someterse a este tipo de procedimientos. Los pacientes que estuvieron de acuerdo con la donación de órganos y transplantes mencionaron que este procedimiento debería ser realizado sólo con la familia y / o personas de la misma identidad étnica y cultural: "mapuche". Los datos de este estudio constituyen el primer paso hacia una mejor comprensión de la relación entre ética y cultura


Subject(s)
Humans , Nursing , Tissue and Organ Procurement , Tissue and Organ Harvesting , Tissue Donors
12.
Quito; Ecuador. Ministerio de Salud Pública; jun. 1991. xv,171 p. ilus, tab, graf.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-389646

ABSTRACT

Analiza la evolución de la teniasis y la cisticercosis humana en el Ecuador desde el punto de vista epidemiológico. Expone los factores de riesgo y circunstancias sanitarias del país que favorecen la infección. Finalmente, presenta información sobre los planes, programas y campañas nacionales para la prevención y control de estas enfermedades...


Subject(s)
Cestoda , Cysticercosis , Ecuador , Health Promotion , National Health Programs , Neurocysticercosis , Primary Prevention , Risk Factors , Taeniasis , Parasitology , Public Health
13.
Quito; MSP; jun. 1991. 171 p. ilus, tab.
Monography in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-357593

Subject(s)
Cysticercosis , Taeniasis
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